Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the breathing tubes (airways). It results in variable restricted airflow into and out of the lungs. Episodic worsening of asthma symptoms is called an asthma attack. During an asthma attack, the bronchial muscles tighten, the lining of the air passages swells, and mucus production increases. The reduced airflow causes the characteristic wheezing common in asthma attacks.
Asthma is a reactive airway disease in which the breathing tubes (airways) narrow after exposure to certain stimuli. Asthma affects about 17 to 18 million people in the United States and is becoming more common. During an asthma attack, the smooth muscles around the airways react to stimuli, such as smoke, cold air, or pollen, and begin to contract. The membranes lining the airways become inflamed and secrete mucus. Airway obstruction resulting from muscle spasms and mucus production during an asthma attack can make breathing difficult. Wheezing is a whistling sound produced by air flowing through narrowed airways. Asthma is a common cause of wheezing. In people with asthma, episodes of wheezing are typically offset by symptom-free periods.
Many allergy triggers are also asthma triggers. Asthma triggers include inhaled allergens, such as pollen, pet dander, dust mites, and mold. Other asthma triggers include respiratory infections; exercise; cold air; irritants, such as smoke; certain foods; and stress. Even a hearty laugh or a hard cry can trigger an asthma attack.
During an asthma attack, a person experiences shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. An asthma attack may begin suddenly; or it may come on more slowly and worsen gradually. People experiencing an asthma attack usually first notice shortness of breath, coughing, or chest tightness. Nighttime awakening from coughing or wheezing is a common symptom of asthma.
The severity and frequency of asthma attacks vary from person to person. Some people with asthma are symptom-free most of the time and may have only brief, mild asthma attacks. Other people may experience wheezing and coughing much of the time and experience more severe asthma attacks. All patients with asthma need to talk with their doctor and healthcare team to discuss asthma symptoms and attempt to reduce the frequency and severity of asthma attacks.
